What is phonology? |
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. It is the study
of the sound systems of languages. It is distinguished from phonetics,
which is the study of the production, perception, and physical
properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they
are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
Only a fraction of the sounds humans can articulate is found in any
particular language. For example, English lacks the click sounds common
to many languages of S Africa, while the sound th often poses problems for people learning English. Also, a
possible combination of sounds vary widely from language to
language–the combination kt at the beginning of a word, for example,
would be impossible in some languages but is
unexceptional in Greek. In phonology, speech sounds are analyzed into
phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a
word. A phoneme may have several allophones, related sounds that are
distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are
interchanged. In English, l at the beginning of a word and l after a vowel are pronounced differently, so that the l in lit and the l in gold are allophones of the phoneme l;
in other languages the difference between the two sounds could change
the meaning of a word and so would be considered different phonemes.
The phonological system of a language includesan inventory of sounds and their features, and
rules which specify how sounds interact with each other. Phonology is
just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects
such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.
· Here is an illustration that shows the place of phonology in an interacting hierarchy of levels in linguistics:
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Different models of phonology contribute to our knowledge of phonological representations and processes:
· In classical phonemics, phonemes and their possible combinations are central.
· In standard generative phonology,
distinctive features are central. A stream of speech is portrayed as
linear sequence of discrete sound-segments. Each segment is composed of
simultaneously occurring features.
· In non-linear models of phonology,
a stream of speech is represented as multidimensional, not simply as a
linear sequence of sound segments. These non-linear models grew out of
generative phonology:
o autosegmental phonology
o metrical phonology
o lexical phonology
What is phonetics? |
(fōnĕt´ĭks, f
—), It is the study of the sounds of languages from
three basic points of view. Phonetics studies speech sounds according
to their production in the vocal organs (articulatory phonetics), their
physical properties (acoustic phonetics), or their effect on the ear
(auditory phonetics). All phonetics are interrelated, since human
articulatory and auditory mechanisms correspond to each other and are
mediated by wavelength, pitch, and the other physical properties of
sound. Systems of phonetic writing are aimed at the accurate
transcription of any sequence of speech sounds; the best known is the
International Phonetic Alphabet. Narrow transcription specifies as many
features of a sound as can be symbolized, while broad transcription
specifies only as many features of a sound as are necessary to
distinguish it from other sounds. Each language uses a limited number of
the humanly possible sounds grouped into phonemes, and the
hearer-speaker is trained from childhood to classify them into these
groups, rejecting as nonsignificant all sorts of features actually
phonetically present. So the English speaker does not notice that he
always makes a puff of air when he pronounces the p of pin and never makes the puff with the p of spin;
for him they are the same sound. Yet in some languages (as in Sanskrit)
just the presence or absence of that puff in both words would indicate a
phonemic difference, and two words might differ in meaning because of
the puff. In English the two sounds are considered variations of a
single sound, the phoneme p, and as such are allophones. In the other situation, aspirated p (p with a puff) and unaspirated p
are not allophones but separate phonemes. Phonemes include all
significant differences of sound, including features of voicing, place
and manner of articulation, accent, and secondary features of
nasalization, glottalization, labialization, and the like. Whereas
phonetics refers to the study of the production, perception, and
physical nature of speech sounds, phonology refers to the study of how
such sounds are combined in particular languages and of how they are
used to convey meaning. Systematic sound change through time is treated by comparative and historical linguistics.
—), It is the study of the sounds of languages from
three basic points of view. Phonetics studies speech sounds according
to their production in the vocal organs (articulatory phonetics), their
physical properties (acoustic phonetics), or their effect on the ear
(auditory phonetics). All phonetics are interrelated, since human
articulatory and auditory mechanisms correspond to each other and are
mediated by wavelength, pitch, and the other physical properties of
sound. Systems of phonetic writing are aimed at the accurate
transcription of any sequence of speech sounds; the best known is the
International Phonetic Alphabet. Narrow transcription specifies as many
features of a sound as can be symbolized, while broad transcription
specifies only as many features of a sound as are necessary to
distinguish it from other sounds. Each language uses a limited number of
the humanly possible sounds grouped into phonemes, and the
hearer-speaker is trained from childhood to classify them into these
groups, rejecting as nonsignificant all sorts of features actually
phonetically present. So the English speaker does not notice that he
always makes a puff of air when he pronounces the p of pin and never makes the puff with the p of spin;
for him they are the same sound. Yet in some languages (as in Sanskrit)
just the presence or absence of that puff in both words would indicate a
phonemic difference, and two words might differ in meaning because of
the puff. In English the two sounds are considered variations of a
single sound, the phoneme p, and as such are allophones. In the other situation, aspirated p (p with a puff) and unaspirated p
are not allophones but separate phonemes. Phonemes include all
significant differences of sound, including features of voicing, place
and manner of articulation, accent, and secondary features of
nasalization, glottalization, labialization, and the like. Whereas
phonetics refers to the study of the production, perception, and
physical nature of speech sounds, phonology refers to the study of how
such sounds are combined in particular languages and of how they are
used to convey meaning. Systematic sound change through time is treated by comparative and historical linguistics.
Comparison: Phonology and phonetics
Phonetics …
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Phonology …
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Is the basis for phonological analysis.
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Is the basis for further work in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design.
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Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.
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Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by
· determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and
· explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.
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